The museum was established in 1987 as part of the historic Laboratory of Anthropology (founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1927) and joined the Museum of New Mexico in 1947. The museum’s role is to interpret the history and contemporary life of Southwestern Native cultures by showcasing items from the Laboratory of Anthropology’s unparalleled collections—including more than 72,000 archaeological, ethnographic and fine art objects, and more than 10 million artifacts from nearly 12,000 archaeological sites across New Mexico.

Since then, through its innovative exhibitions, educational programs and publications, the museum has challenged Native stereotypes, increased understanding of contemporary Native life, and inspired appreciation for the history, knowledge and centuries-long contributions of Native peoples. The museum’s library and archival collections offer researchers access to rare photographs, documents and other materials relating to the history of archaeology in the Southwest.

Among the museum’s most notable achievements was the 1997 opening of its core permanent exhibition Here, Now and Always. The exhibition introduced a visionary new exhibition model that utilized the voices and participation of Native peoples in its creation. In 2019, the museum and its tribal partners will revitalize this popular exhibition space with new tribal and scholarly perspectives, technologies and exhibition techniques that communicate the ever-evolving cultural histories of Native peoples.